Commonly Used Math Terms

The following is a guide to the weary student of mathematics who is often confronted with terms which are commonly used but rarely defined. In the search for proper definitions for these terms we found no authoritative, nor even recognized, source. Thus, we followed the advice of mathematicians handed down from time immortal: “Wing It.”


CLEARLY: I don't want to write down all the "in-
between" steps.

TRIVIAL: If I have to show you how to do this, you're
in the wrong class.

OBVIOUSLY: I hope you weren't sleeping when we discussed
this earlier, because I refuse to repeat it.

RECALL: I shouldn't have to tell you this, but for
those of you who erase your memory tapes
after every test...

WLOG (Without Loss Of Generality): I'm not about to do all the
possible cases, so I'll do one and let you
figure out the rest.

IT CAN EASILY BE SHOWN: Even you, in your finite wisdom, should
be able to prove this without me holding your
hand.

CHECK or CHECK FOR YOURSELF: This is the boring part of the
proof, so you can do it on your own time.

SKETCH OF A PROOF: I couldn't verify all the details, so I'll
break it down into the parts I couldn't
prove.

HINT: The hardest of several possible ways to do a
proof.

BRUTE FORCE (AND IGNORANCE): Four special cases, three counting
arguments, two long inductions, "and a
partridge in a pair tree."

SOFT PROOF: One third less filling (of the page) than
your regular proof, but it requires two extra
years of course work just to understand the
terms.

ELEGANT PROOF: Requires no previous knowledge of the subject
matter and is less than ten lines long.

SIMILARLY: At least one line of the proof of this case is
the same as before.

CANONICAL FORM: 4 out of 5 mathematicians surveyed
recommended this as the final form for their
students who choose to finish.

TFAE (The Following Are Equivalent): If I say this it means that,
and if I say that it means the other thing,
and if I say the other thing...

BY A PREVIOUS THEOREM: I don't remember how it goes (come to
think of it I'm not really sure we did this
at all), but if I stated it right (or at
all), then the rest of this follows.

TWO LINE PROOF: I'll leave out everything but the conclusion,
you can't question 'em if you can't see 'em.

BRIEFLY: I'm running out of time, so I'll just write
and talk faster.

LET'S TALK THROUGH IT: I don't want to write it on the board lest
I make a mistake.

PROCEED FORMALLY: Manipulate symbols by the rules without any
hint of their true meaning (popular in pure
math courses).

QUANTIFY: I can't find anything wrong with your proof
except that it won't work if x is a moon of
Jupiter (Popular in applied math courses).

PROOF OMITTED: Trust me, It's true.

QED MODULO ERRORS: This is a representative of an equivalence
class of proofs, one of which is correct and
all of which look sort of like this one. At
least one such proof is correct, but it
might not be the one I wrote down.
Posted in Humour | Leave a comment

Doin’ it : Q – T

Stumbleupon Review

Doin’ it : Q – T


Quantum physicists

1. Quantum physicists can either know how fast they do it,
or where they do it, but not both.
2. Quantum physicists can either know when they do it,
or with how much energy they do it, but not both.

Real analysts

1. Real analysts do it almost everywhere
2. Real analysts do it uniformly.

Ring theorists

1. Ring theorists do it non-commutatively.
2. Ring theorists do it ideally.

Set theorists

1. Set theorists do it in a morass.
2. Set theorists do it with cardinals.

Statistical physicists

1. Statistical physicists do it with partitions.
2. Statistical physicists do it near equilibrium.
3. Statistical physicists do it in ensembles.

Statisticians

1. Statisticians do it continuously but discretely.
2. Statisticians do it when it counts.
3. Statisticians do it with 95% confidence.
4. Statisticians do it with large numbers.
5. Statisticians do it with only a 5% chance of being rejected.
6. Statisticians do it with two-tail T tests.
7. Statisticians do it. After all, it's only normal.
8. Statisticians probably do it.
9. Statisticians do it with significance.
10. Statisticians do all the standard deviations.
11. Statisticians would like to do it with the population,
but only get a small sample.

Topologists

1. Topologists do it in multiply connected domains.
2. Topologists do it on rubber sheets.
3. Topologists do it openly.

Topos theorists

1. Topos theorists do it pointlessly.
Posted in Humour | Tagged | Leave a comment

Doin’ it : M – P

Stumbleupon Review

Doin’ it : M – P

Markov

1. Markov does it in chains.

Mathematical physicists

1. Mathematical physicists understand the theory of how to do it,
but have difficulty obtaining practical results.

Mathematicians

1. Mathematicians do it associatively.
2. Mathematicians do it by numbers.
3. Mathematicians do it commutatively.
4. Mathematicians do it constantly.
5. Mathematicians do it continuously.
6. Mathematicians do it discretely.
7. Mathematicians do it exponentially.
8. Mathematicians do it forever if they can do one and can do one more.
9. Mathematicians do it functionally.
10. Mathematicians do it homologically.
11. Mathematicians do it in fields.
12. Mathematicians do it in groups.
13. Mathematicians do it in imaginary planes.
14. Mathematicians do it in n dimensions.
15. Mathematicians do it in numbers.
16. Mathematicians do it in theory.
17. Mathematicians do it on smooth contours.
18. Mathematicians do it over and under the curves.
19. Mathematicians do it parallel and perpendicular.
20. Mathematicians do it partially.
21. Mathematicians do it rationally.
22. Mathematicians do it reflexively.
23. Mathematicians do it symmetrically.
24. Mathematicians do it to prove themselves.
25. Mathematicians do it to their limits.
26. Mathematicians do it totally.
27. Mathematicians do it transcendentally.
28. Mathematicians do it transitively.
29. Mathematicians do it variably.
30. Mathematicians do it with a Minkowski sausage.
31. Mathematicians do it with imaginary parts.
32. Mathematicians do it with linear pairs.
33. Mathematicians do it with Nobel's wife.
34. Mathematicians do it with odd functions.
35. Mathematicians do it with prime roots.
36. Mathematicians do it with relations.
37. Mathematicians do it with rings.
38. Mathematicians do it with their real parts.
39. Mathematicians do it without limit.
40. Mathematicians do over an open unmeasurable interval.
41. Mathematicians have to prove they did it.
42. Mathematicians do it ad infinitum.
43. Mathematicians do not do it. They leave it as an exercise to the reader.

Matrix analysts

1. Matrix analysts don't do it until it is positive definite.
2. Matrix analysts do it within a Gershgorin disc.

Matrix computationalists

1. Matrix computationalists do it by pivoting.
2. Matrix computationalists do it on a mesh.

Measure theorists

1. Measure theorists do it almost everywhere.
2. Measure theorists do it almost nowhere.

Mobius

1. Moebius always does it on the same side.

Number theorists

1. Number theorists do it perfectly.
2. Number theorists do it rationally.
3. Number theorists do it a prime number of times.

Particle physicists

1. Particle physicists do it with different flavours.
2. Particle physicists do it with three colours and anti-colours.
3. Particle physicists do it with Feynman diagrams.

Physicists

1. Physicists do it on the event horizon.
2. Physicists do it in waves.
3. Physicists do it with ropes and pulleys.
4. Physicists do it with vectors.
5. Physicists do it at the right moments.
6. Physicists do it with force.
7. Physicists do it on the spur of the moment.

Probabilists

1. Probabilists do it on random walks.
2. Probabilists do it stochastically.

Pure mathematicians

1. Pure mathematicians do it rigorously.
Posted in Humour | Tagged | Leave a comment

Doin’ it : G – L

Stumbleupon Review

Doin’ it : G – L


Galois

1. Galois did it the night before.

Galois theorists

1. Galois theorists do it in a field.

Game theorists

1. Game theorists do it by dominance or saddle points.
2. Game theorists score most often.

General relativists

1. General relativists do it with curvature.
2. General relativists do it with tensors.
3. General relativists do it in Minkowski space.
4. General relativists do it with rubber sheets and canteloupes.

Geometers

1. Geometers do it with involutions.

Graph theorists

1. Graph theorists do it discretely.
2. Graph theorists do it in four colours.

Group theorists

1. Group theorists do it simply.
2. Group theorists do it with the Monster.

Hilbert spacers

1. Hilbert spacers do it orthogonally.

Large cardinals

1. Large cardinals do it inaccessibly.

Linear programmers

1. Linear programmers do it with nearest neighbors.

Logician

1. Logicians do it by choice.
2. Logicians do it consistently and completely.
3. Logicians do it incompletely or inconsistently.
4. Logicians do it with Jensen's device.
5. (Logicians do it) or [not (logicians do it)].
6. Logicians do it with Knights and Knaves.
7. Logicians do it necessarily and sufficiently.
Posted in Humour | Tagged | Leave a comment

Doin’ it : C – F

Stumbleupon Review

Doin’ it : C – F


Cantor

1. Cantor did it until he was crazy.

Catastrophe theorists

1. Catastrophe theorists do it falling off part of a sheet.

Chaoticians

1. Chaoticians do it with sensitive dependence.

Class field theorists

1. Class field theorists do it by capitulation.

Classical geometers

1. Classical geometers do it on the Euler line.
2. Classical geometers do it on the nine-point circle.

Combinatorialists

1. Combinatorialists do it discretely.
2. Combinatorialists do it as many ways as they can.

Communtative algebraists

1. Commutative algebraists do it regularly.

Complex analysts

1. Complex analysts do it between the sheets.
2. Complex analysts do it under a universal cover.

Computer scientists

1. Computer scientists do it in loops.
2. Computer scientists do it at 90 MHz.
3. Computer scientists do it recursively.
4. Computer scientists do it by brute force.
5. Computer scientists do it by exhaustion (of all possibilities).
6. Computer scientists do it in serial.
7. Computer scientists do it in parallel.
8. Computer scientists do it concurrently.
9. Computer scientists do it on trees.
10. Computer scientists do it depth first.
11. Computer scientists do it in polynomial time.
12. Computer scientists do it in (core) dumps.
13. Computer scientists do it with objects.
14. Computer scientists do it on heaps.
15. Computer scientists do it with a protocol.
16. Computer scientists do it automatically.
17. Computer scientists do it dynamically.
18. Computer scientists do it by pointing.
19. Computer scientists do it in arrays.
20. Computer scientists do it with whatever you pass them.

Constructivists

1. Constructivists do it without excluding the middle.

Cosmologists

1. Cosmologists do it in the first three minutes.
2. Cosmologists do it with large inflationary periods.

Decision theorists

1. Decision theorists do it optimally.

Differential analysts

1. Differential analysts do it in a degenerate case.

Fermat

1. Fermat did it in the margin.
2. Fermat tried to do it in the margin, but couldn't fit it in.

Financial Engineers

1. They do it by Monte Carlo simulation, and then discount it back.

Functional analysts

1. Functional analysts do it with compact support.
2. Functional analysts do it with degenerate colonels.
Posted in Humour | Tagged | Leave a comment

How They Do It

Doin’ it : A – B


Aerodynamicists

1. Aerodynamicists do it in drag.

Algebraic geometers

1. Algebraic geometers do it for variety.
2. Algebraic geometers do it on the cubic three-fold.

Algebraists

1. Algebraists do it in a ring.
2. Algebraists do it in fields.
3. Algebraists do it in groups.
4. Algebraists do it with multiple roots.
5. Algebraists do it on field trips.

Analysts

1. Analysts do it continuously.
2. Analysts do it smoothly.

Analytic number theorists

1. Analytic number theorists do it in the critical strip.
2. Analytic number theorists do it on the critical line.

Applied mathematicians

1. Applied mathematicians do it by computer simulation.
2. Applied mathematicians do it with a real world model.

Artificial intelligence (AI) researchers

1. AI researchers have tried to do it since the 60's but haven't yet succeeded.
2. AI researchers do it heuristically when principled techniques fail.

Astrophysicists

1. Astrophysicists do it in the dark.
2. Astrophysicists do it with telescopes.
3. Astrophysicists do it with large objects.

Banach spacers

1. Banach spacers do it completely.

Bayesians

1. Bayesians do it with improper priors.
2. Bayesians do it conditionally.
Posted in Humour, Science | Tagged | 1 Comment

Problem: To Catch a Lion in

Stumbleupon Review

Problem: To Catch a Lion in the Sahara Desert.

    4 Contributions from Computer Science

    4.1 The search method

    We assume that the lion is most likely to be found in the direction to the north of the point where we are standing. Therefore the REAL problem we have is that of speed, since we are only using a PC to solve the problem.

    4.2 The parallel search method

    By using parallelism we will be able to search in the direction to the north much faster than earlier.

    4.3 The Monte-Carlo method

    We pick a random number indexing the space we search. By excluding neighboring points in the search, we can drastically reduce the number of points we need to consider. The lion will according to probability appear sooner or later.

    4.4 The practical approach

    We see a rabbit very close to us. Since it is already dead, it is particularly easy to catch. We therefore catch it and call it a lion.

    4.5 The common language approach.

    If only everyone used ADA/Common Lisp/Prolog, this problem would be trivial to solve.

    4.6 The standard approach

    We know what a Lion is from ISO 4711/X.123. Since CCITT have specified a Lion to be a particular option of a cat we will have to wait for a harmonized standard to appear. $20,000,000 have been funded for initial investigastions into this standard development.

    4.7 Linear search

    Stand in the top left hand corner of the Sahara Desert. Take one step east. Repeat until you have found the lion, or you reach the right hand edge. If you reach the right hand edge, take one step southwards, and proceed towards the left hand edge. When you finally reach the lion, put it the cage. If the lion should happen to eat you before you manage to get it in the cage, press the reset button, and try again.

    4.8 The Dijkstra approach

    The way the problem reached me was: catch a wild lion in the Sahara Desert. Another way of stating the problem is:

      Axiom 1: Sahara elem deserts
      Axiom 2: Lion elem Sahara
      Axiom 3: NOT(Lion elem cage)

    We observe the following invariant:

      P1: C(L) v not(C(L))

    where C(L) means: the value of “L” is in the cage.

    Establishing C initially is trivially accomplished with the statement


    ;cage := {}

    Note 0:

    This is easily implemented by opening the door to the cage and shaking out any lions that happen to be there initially.
    (End of note 0.)

    The obvious program structure is then:


    ;cage:={}
    ;do NOT (C(L)) ->
    ;"approach lion under invariance of P1"
    ;if P(L) ->
    ;"insert lion in cage"
    [] not P(L) ->
    ;skip
    ;fi
    ;od

    where P(L) means: the value of L is within arm’s reach.

    Note 1:
    Axiom 2 esnures that the loop terminates.
    (End of note 1.)

    Exercise 0:
    Refine the step “Approach lion under invariance of P1”.
    (End of exercise 0.)

    Note 2:
    The program is robust in the sense that it will lead to abortion if the value of L is “lioness”.
    (End of note 2.)

    Remark 0:
    This may be a new sense of the word “robust” for you.
    (End of remark 0.)

    Note 3:
    From observation we can see that the above program leads to the desired goal. It goes without saying that we therefore do not have to run it.
    (End of note 3.)
    (End of approach.)

Posted in Humour | Tagged | Leave a comment

Problem: To Catch a Lion in

Stumbleupon Review

Problem: To Catch a Lion in the Sahara Desert.

    3 Experimental Physics Methods

    3.1 The thermodynamics method

    We construct a semi-permeable membrane which lets everything but lions pass through. This we drag across the desert.

    3.2 The atomic fission method

    We irradiate the desert with slow neutrons. The lion becomes radioactive and starts to disintegrate. Once the disintegration process is progressed far enough the lion will be unable to resist.

    3.3 The magneto-optical method

    We plant a large, lense shaped field with cat mint (nepeta cataria) such that its axis is parallel to the direction of the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field. We put the cage in one of the field’s foci. Throughout the desert we distribute large amounts of magnetized spinach (spinacia oleracea) which has, as everybody knows, a high iron content. The spinach is eaten by vegetarian desert inhabitants which in turn are eaten by the lions. Afterwards the lions are oriented parallel to the earth’s magnetic field and the resulting lion beam is focussed on the cage by the cat mint lense.

    [1] After Hilbert, cf. E. W. Hobson, “The Theory of Functions of a Real Variable and the Theory of Fourier’s Series” (1927), vol. 1, pp 456-457
    [2] H. Seifert and W. Threlfall, “Lehrbuch der Topologie” (1934), pp 2-3
    [3] According to the Picard theorem (W. F. Osgood, Lehrbuch der Funktionentheorie, vol 1 (1928), p 178) it is possible to catch every lion except for at most one.
    [4] N. Wiener, “The Fourier Integral and Certain of its Applications” (1933), pp 73-74
    [5] N. Wiener, ibid, p 89
    [6] cf e.g. H. A. Bethe and R. F. Bacher, “Reviews of Modern Physics”, 8 (1936), pp 82-229, esp. pp 106-107
    [7] ibid

Posted in Humour | Tagged | Leave a comment

Problem: To Catch a Lion in

Stumbleupon Review

Problem: To Catch a Lion in the Sahara Desert.

    2 Theoretical Physics Methods

    2.1 The Dirac method

    We assert that wild lions can ipso facto not be observed in the Sahara desert. Therefore, if there are any lions at all in the desert, they are tame. We leave catching a tame lion as an execise to the reader.

    2.2 The Schroedinger method

    At every instant there is a non-zero probability of the lion being in the cage. Sit and wait.

    2.3 The nuclear physics method

    Insert a tame lion into the cage and apply a Majorana exchange operator [6] on it and a wild lion.

    As a variant let us assume that we would like to catch (for argument’s sake) a male lion. We insert a tame female lion into the cage and apply the Heisenberg exchange operator [7], exchanging spins.

    2.4 A relativistic method

    All over the desert we distribute lion bait containing large amounts of the companion star of Sirius. After enough of the bait has been eaten we send a beam of light through the desert. This will curl around the lion so it gets all confused and can be approached without danger.

Posted in Humour | Tagged | Leave a comment

How To Catch a Lion

Problem: To Catch a Lion in the Sahara Desert.

    1. Mathematical Methods

    1.1 The Hilbert (axiomatic) method

    We place a locked cage onto a given point in the desert. After that we introduce the following logical system:

    Axiom 1: The set of lions in the Sahara is not empty.
    Axiom 2: If there exists a lion in the Sahara, then there exists a lion in the cage.
    Procedure: If P is a theorem, and if the following is holds: “P implies Q”, then Q is a theorem.
    Theorem 1: There exists a lion in the cage.

    1.2 The geometrical inversion method

    We place a spherical cage in the desert, enter it and lock it from inside. We then performe an inversion with respect to the cage. Then the lion is inside the cage, and we are outside.

    1.3 The projective geometry method

    Without loss of generality, we can view the desert as a plane surface. We project the surface onto a line and afterwards the line onto an interiour point of the cage. Thereby the lion is mapped onto that same point.

    1.4 The Bolzano-Weierstrass method

    Divide the desert by a line running from north to south. The lion is then either in the eastern or in the western part. Let’s assume it is in the eastern part. Divide this part by a line running from east to west. The lion is either in the northern or in the southern part. Let’s assume it is in the northern part. We can continue this process arbitrarily and thereby constructing with each step an increasingly narrow fence around the selected area. The diameter of the chosen partitions converges to zero so that the lion is caged into a fence of arbitrarily small diameter.

    1.5 The set theoretical method

    We observe that the desert is a separable space. It therefore contains an enumerable dense set of points which constitutes a sequence with the lion as its limit. We silently approach the lion in this sequence, carrying the proper equipment with us.

    1.6 The Peano method

    In the usual way construct a curve containing every point in the desert. It has been proven [1] that such a curve can be traversed in arbitrarily short time. Now we traverse the curve, carrying a spear, in a time less than what it takes the lion to move a distance equal to its own length.

    1.7 A topological method

    We observe that the lion possesses the topological gender of a torus. We embed the desert in a four dimensional space. Then it is possible to apply a deformation [2] of such a kind that the lion when returning to the three dimensional space is all tied up in itself. It is then completely helpless.

    1.8 The Cauchy method

    We examine a lion-valued function f(z). Be \zeta the cage. Consider the integral



    1 [ f(z)
    ------- I --------- dz
    2 \pi i ] z - \zeta

    C

    where C represents the boundary of the desert. Its value is f(zeta), i.e. there is a lion in the cage [3].

    1.9 The Wiener-Tauber method

    We obtain a tame lion, L_0, from the class L(-\infinity,\infinity), whose fourier transform vanishes nowhere. We put this lion somewhere in the desert. L_0 then converges toward our cage. According to the general Wiener-Tauner theorem [4] every other lion L will converge toward the same cage. (Alternatively we can approximate L arbitrarily close by translating L_0 through the desert [5].)”

Posted in Humour | Leave a comment